Friday, July 3, 2015

Why should we care about genetics, anyway?

So why should we care about [blank], anyway?

If any of you are anything like me, that’s a question you asked yourself throughout school more times than you can count while filling in the blank with whatever subject you were supposed to be studying. For me, the blank was filled with subjects like physical chemistry. For my wife, it was subjects like art history.

I mean, we all have reasons for caring on some level or another. If nothing else, we at least needed to get a decent grade on whatever we were studying so we wouldn’t have to take it again. But for most of us, once we turned in the final exams and got grades good enough to go onto the next thing, we forgot about them.

But for those people who end up working in those subjects we hate and block out of our memories, that question matters, especially when they’re mostly funded by taxpayer money. When people lose a significant chunk of their paycheck to taxes, they wonder—rightly—if that money is going to things that are worthwhile or if it’s just being wasted. If it’s worthwhile, we’re usually okay with it. If it isn’t, we get angry.

So how do we decide what’s worthwhile?

The answer to that question can be easy to answer a lot of the time. Things like building roads and curing diseases are important and are easy for most people to understand. The problem comes when these important things get obscured by jargon that isn’t easy for most people to understand.

I remember first becoming aware of this problem during the campaign for the 2008 United States presidential election. I was visiting my parents, and we were keeping track of the election coverage (because we’re nerds) when Sarah Palin, then running mate for John McCain, was launching a tirade against wasteful government spending. On that particular day, she was criticizing a $200,000 earmark for basic research studying fruit flies (link at the end of the post).

During her speech, Palin said, “[…] some of these pet projects, they really don’t make a whole lot of sense and sometimes these dollars go to projects that have little or nothing to do with the public good. Things like fruit fly research in Paris, France. I kid you not.”

The problem, aside from the fact that it only took her a few seconds to align the entire research community against her, was that the study she was talking about mattered to the American public for several reasons.

First, the scientists studying that particular fruit fly were trying to prevent the spread of an invasive species that was destroying millions of dollars worth of crops in California; the farmers and businesses relying on the olive trees being attacked by that fruit fly were taking serious financial damage. Second, this funded research project was taking place in the United States, not France (to this day, I have no clue where she got the idea this project was in Paris). Third, fruit flies help form the foundation of modern genetics.

Believe it or not, fruit flies (e.g. Drosophila melanogaster) carry variants of the same genes that humans have with the added benefit of being less complex so we have a better chance of understanding what they do. The human genome is complicated, and studying fruit flies provides an incredible amount of insight into how humans work, especially with respect to diseases like autism (which Palin’s nephew has).

Obviously, Palin was hoping to generate anger to score political points in an election she and her running mate were horribly losing. Also, Palin neither knows nor in all likelihood cares about how important fruit flies are to our understanding of humans. What I saw as the primary problem with her political stunt was the fact that people were listening. Some in the audience laughed at the audacity of studying fruit flies for any reason. Others were probably thinking that research like this had to be stopped because they couldn’t see why studying genetics in fruit flies was worth anyone’s time.

The thing was, though, I felt that I couldn’t really blame Palin for what she was doing. After all, she wouldn’t even be able to do it if scientists could actually explain why fruit flies were important in the first place. If scientists could better communicate with the public, maybe we wouldn’t be facing draconian budget cuts every few years.

The point I’m trying to make is that, as scientists, we get frustrated at the public for not understanding what we’re doing when we only have ourselves to blame for many incidents like the one with Palin. It’s true that most people don’t study science after leaving high school, but we shouldn’t equate that with an unwillingness to learn. Other people just earn their livings through something other than science. Some people fix cars, draw blood from patients, or teach kids in school. I can’t do any of those things. That doesn’t mean I don’t think these things are important or don’t want to know about them.

Speaking from my own personal experience, most people are willing to show an interest in what we study so long as we explain it to them in a simple, friendly, and uncondescending way. Most people are open-minded if you give them a chance to be.

So, with that in mind, that’s the goal for this blog. I want to be able to explain things that are happening in genetics research so the average person can understand them. As much as scientists might like to think themselves immune from public opinion and pop culture, we’re very much dependent on continued interest in the topics we study.

To do that, I have two kinds of posts I’d like to start doing. The first would involve me translating jargon from the latest hot research in my field so people can stay current with what’s going on without having to study genetics for ten years. I would also like to take questions that people might have about basic biology or what they hear about in the news so I can clarify anything that seems archaic.


I’d like this to be as interactive as possible, so if anyone has any questions about biology, genetics, medicine, etc., just let me know!

References

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